āvartaka technical_term

111 TRANSLATION Udvāhita is dvikala⁹⁴ (with two-unit phrases), (it) moves (in) two gapless svaras (forming each phrase-unit), ascends by one kalā 95 (phrase-unit and time- (148) unit) (and) again descends (lit. clarifies) by one kalā. Udvāhita itself may become the one named upalolaka, when (its units are) repeated twice. That should be known as krama, which moves to one, two or (149) three svaras in successive order. That which (moves to) each svara with one gap, having ascended (a svara) with one gap, should be known by the wise as the alankara named nişkūjita. (150) In combination with this (the above) order (the alankara) that moves with the gap of one svara (in descent) in dvikala 96 (form i.e. two-unit phrase and two time-units for each phrase) (and) is followed by two or six (svaras?)97 (and) (151) is similar in ascent, is hrādamāna. After this is ranjita which is half a kalā (time-unit) in ascent and again the same in descent, after having stayed on two (consecutive) svaras without a gap (152) for two kalās 98 (time-units). Avartaka comes into being in four (consecutive) svaras without a gap with the act of ascent (and) descent, or also in (svaras) with a gap of one (each).99 (153) (Or) āvartaka should be made by the experts with eight kalās (phrases and time-units) 100 without a gap, similarly (in) four kalās with a gap (of one each); it is (named thus viz. āvartaka) on accout of āvrtti (repetetion or rotation), 101 (154) Having ascended three svaras, parivarta omits another (fourth) svara and in nivṛtti (lit holding back, here descent) again with parāvṛtti (lit. interchange or reversion, here the change in the omitted svara in descent which is the fourth again in descending order), it is composed of eight kalās (phrases). 102 (155) Udghattita is always that in which there is an omitted svara after two svaras (156) become past (have been pronounced) and which is ekakala.103 Ākṣiptaka should be made with three svaras in each kalā; its measure of kalā is sixfold. The lower one is ekakala 104 and the other (higher) is şaṭkala (with six (157) kalās).

111 TRANSLATION Udvāhita is dvikala⁹⁴ (with two-unit phrases), (it) moves (in) two gapless svaras (forming each phrase-unit), ascends by one kalā 95 (phrase-unit and time- (148) unit) (and) again descends (lit. clarifies) by one kalā. Udvāhita itself may become the one named upalolaka, when (its units are) repeated twice. That should be known as krama, which moves to one, two or (149) three svaras in successive order. That which (moves to) each svara with one gap, having ascended (a svara) with one gap, should be known by the wise as the alankara named nişkūjita. (150) In combination with this (the above) order (the alankara) that moves with the gap of one svara (in descent) in dvikala 96 (form i.e. two-unit phrase and two time-units for each phrase) (and) is followed by two or six (svaras?)97 (and) (151) is similar in ascent, is hrādamāna. After this is ranjita which is half a kalā (time-unit) in ascent and again the same in descent, after having stayed on two (consecutive) svaras without a gap (152) for two kalās 98 (time-units). Avartaka comes into being in four (consecutive) svaras without a gap with the act of ascent (and) descent, or also in (svaras) with a gap of one (each).99 (153) (Or) āvartaka should be made by the experts with eight kalās (phrases and time-units) 100 without a gap, similarly (in) four kalās with a gap (of one each); it is (named thus viz. āvartaka) on accout of āvrtti (repetetion or rotation), 101 (154) Having ascended three svaras, parivarta omits another (fourth) svara and in nivṛtti (lit holding back, here descent) again with parāvṛtti (lit. interchange or reversion, here the change in the omitted svara in descent which is the fourth again in descending order), it is composed of eight kalās (phrases). 102 (155) Udghattita is always that in which there is an omitted svara after two svaras (156) become past (have been pronounced) and which is ekakala.103 Ākṣiptaka should be made with three svaras in each kalā; its measure of kalā is sixfold. The lower one is ekakala 104 and the other (higher) is şaṭkala (with six (157) kalās).