birudas technical_term

²¹¹ TRANSLATION [3. Gadya] That in which t\bar{a}la comes at the end along with the name of the object of description 10 (divine or human) and is sung as such, is said here to be gadya, by the proficient ones in music. (385) [4. Daṇḍaka] Combined with t\bar{a}la, endowed with svara, bedecked with p\bar{a}ta^{11} in the middle (and) again combined with pada, that song is known as daṇḍaka. (386) [5. Varņa] Bedecked with birudas12 (eulogistic phrases) related to plenty, renunciation, well-being or prosperity and combined also with t\bar{a}la, is varya (composed) in the Karn\bar{a}ta^{13} language. (387) ^******* [6. Paddhaḍi] Combined with svara (and) pāṭa and endowed with tāla, composed in any language and combined with birudas is that paddhaḍī. (388) [7. Adilā] Where there is the brilliant arrangement of svaras at the end of every foot, combined with t\bar{a}la, that is a\dot{q}il\bar{a}^{14} by name. (389) [8. Catușpadi] Where the song is endowed with meaning in every unit of text (pada) (and) is combined with t\bar{a}la, having svara and tenaka, that is catuspadik\bar{a}.

VIMARŚA 317 19. Šuka is a parrot and sārī or sārikā is mainā in Hindi, the Latin name being Turdus Salica. The pair of these two is profusely used in folklore and other poetry as the characters that carry on a dialogue. The parrot is the male and sārī is the female. The śukasārika prabandha uses this well-known motif for presenting a dialogue in song. 20. 'Rāga' seems to signify 'rāgālapti' of later texts (cf. SR III.190 c-196). 21. 'Vicitra' in Sanskrit means variegated and not strange which is the general meaning attached to it in Hindi. 22. Tribhangi literally means having three bends or curves. 23. This name is still current in oral tradition to-day for a composition that uses a dialect of Hindi svaras (sarigama), drum-syllables or tena syllables and a text of some other language, usually Persian or Sanskrit or drum syllables and tena syllables. In any case, four types of text have to be used. But the prescription of four ragas and talas is not followed to-day. 24. Mālā is a figurative word for a form that 'strings' together a number of varieties of something in a definite order; e.g. akṣaramālā or garland of letters/syllables. 25. This word is also used in explaining a sthaya that has succeeding phrases beginning with the last svara of the respective preceding phrases (Kalā on SR III. 112). Literally it means a circle. 26. Gandharvas are semi-divine beings, but a musicians' caste also bears this name. Here the latter seems to be relevant. 27,28. This is again one of the eight kinds of karaṇa prabandha. See note 4. Pāța is figuratively identified with the hands of the prabandha- puruşa on account of its being produced with the hands on drums. 29. 'Vastu' seems to be used here as a synonym of prabandha. 30. Here rhyme or antyānuprāsa alone is not intended; hence 'anuprāsa' has been rendered as 'alliteration'. 31. Ganas are syllabic groupings of three syllables each, embodying different formations of longs and shorts. See note 42 under Chapter II. 32. The word marga, though literally meaning path, has been used here for order or system. 33. Nāda is all-pervasive in music; the special mention of nāda here could perhaps be taken to mean tonal phrases without the combination of text or solfa-syllables, rendered generally with akara. 34. Kaiśikī is the fourth among the four vṛttis or modes of presentation in drama. It embodies song, dance and gentle or soft movements.