grāma core_concept

BŖHADDEŚĪ ⁵² पञ्चमयोरत्पत्वम् । ^१५३गान्धारस्यांशत्वे[ऽ]प्राप्ते[ऽपि] बाहुत्यम् । षाडवे पञ्चमस्यात्पत्वम् पद्ज?ागान्धारपञ्चमयोरलपत्वम् , औडुविते न कस्याप्यल्पत्वमशेषाणा बहुत्वम् । मध्यमो न्यासः । ऋषभधैवतावपन्यासौ । अंशाना परस्परगमनम् । [अनु॰ १५७] १५४एकादशविधत्वमस्याः। एकादशांशकाः -पूर्णाश्चत्वारः, षाडवास्त्रयो धैवतांशे तदपवादाद् औडुविताश्चत्वारः।शुद्धस्तु नास्ति।गान्धार[ादि]मूर्छना।तालः पञ्चपाणिः।एककलेन चित्रेण मागधी, द्विकलेन वार्तिकेन सम्भाविता, चतुष्कलेन दक्षिणेन पृथुला । रसौ शृङ्गारहास्यौ । ध्रवागाने द्वितीयप्रेक्षणके विनियोगः। [७. पड्जमध्यमा] [अनु॰ १५८] षड्जमध्यमाया ग्रहा अंशाश्च सप्तैव स्वराः। पञ्चस्वरपरस्तारः। न्यासपरस्तत्परो वा मन्द्रः ॰हाः निषादहीना षाडवा । निषादगान्धारहीना औडुविता । ग्रामाविरोधेन यथेष्टं सञ्चारः । पूर्णावस्थाया निषादगान्धारयोरल्पत्वम् । षड्जमध्यमौ न्यासौ । सप्तस्वरा अपन्यासाः । क्खरापन्या (सः ? सा) [अनु॰ १५९] सप्तदशांशकाः – तत्र सप्त पूर्णाः, पञ्च षाडवाः, पञ्च औडवाश्चेति ^१५५सप्तदशविधत्वमस्या । एतदंशकाश्रत्वारः पाडवाः। तथैव थैवतेंऽशे पाडवानाम् औदुविताश ^१५६दशिंधत्वमस्या शुद्धत्वं नास्ति । मध्यमादिमूर्छना । तालः पञ्चपाणिः । एककलेन चित्रेण मागधी, द्विकलेन (F) वार्तिकेन सम्भाविता, चतुष्कलेन दक्षिणेन पृथुला । सर्वरसात्मिका, ध्रुवागाने द्वितीये प्रेक्षणके विनियोगः । ॥ [इति] एताः षड्जग्रामसम्बन्धाः सप्त ज?ातयः ॥ [अनु॰ १६०] इदानी मध्य[म] ग्रामसम्बन्धा ज?ातय उच्यन्ते - ---

VIMARŚA ¹⁵⁹ 20-23. Utkarşa and apakarşa lit. mean heightening and lowering respectively. They are used singly and also in a pair in NS. Our text uses them in a pair in the present passage and also in Anu. 36 (while explaining grāma). Again in Anu. 8 (while explaining the process of sāraṇā) 'apakarṣa' and 'apakṛṣṭa' (adjective for Viņā ) is used. Mārdava and āyatatva are used in a pair in the present passage; but 'ayatatva' is replaced with 'viprakarşa' in Anu. 50 ( while explaining tāna-kriyā ) and mārdava is explained there as loosening ( of the string). Word Reference Context Apakṛṣṭa (Pañcama) NS XXVIII p. 20 Madhyamagrāma Utkarşa-apakarşa p. 20 Measure of śruti . Apakṛṣṭa (Vīṇā) p. ²⁰ Sāraņā M Utkarşa ( of gandhara ) p. 26 Mūrchanā-grāma Mărdava (of dhaivata) p. ²⁶ Utkṛṣṭa ( niṣāda ) p. ³² Svara-sādhāraņa (gāndhāra) p. ³² ⁹⁹ Mārdava-āyatatva p. 20 Measure of sruti × Ayatatva XXVIX p. 37 Sruti-jāti Mṛdutva p. 37 Viprakarşa-mārdava XXVIII p. ²⁷ Tāna-kriyā Viprakarşa-pidana Abhi. Bhā. ( stretching of the on above string) Mārdava = śithilikarana (loosening of the string). It is an acoustic fact that stretching or tightening of the string results in higher pitch and loosening of the string results in the reverse viz. lower pitch. The words utkarşa and apakarşa stand for these two resultant changes in pitch respectively. 'Ayatatva' and 'mārdava' are basically concerned with the process of tightening and loosening of the string respectively. Both these pairs are closely related since they represent the effect and cause. Both the pairs are mentioned together in BrD and NS in the context of sāraņā (the process of verification of śruti). It is notable that although utkarşa and āyatatva and apakarşa and mārdava are pairs of mutually related terms, their order is reversed both in NŠ and BrD where mārdava-āyatatva is said to be an alternative of utkarşa-apakarşa; the proper order would have been apakarşa-utkarşa. Abhinavagupta commenting on this passage of NS explains the mutual relativity of the constituents of both the pairs. When there are two viņās, if one string on one viņā is tightened, this action has two effects viz. higher pitch on that viņā and relatively lower pitch on the corresponding string of the other viņā without any change of tension in that string. Hence ayatatva produces both utkarşa and apakarşa. Similarly, if one string is loosened on one viņā, this action has two